Water Pollution:-Toxic Effect of cadmium chloride on water resources and fish species
Keywords:
Cadmium, water pollution, Fish, ndocrine disrupter, Ovary, Histological changes, Gonadal hormonesAbstract
Aquatic ecosystem is one of the most exposed environments to pollutants. In fact all chemicals whether initially released on land in the atmosphere or directly in rivers will eventually find themselves in the rivers and oceans at the end. Therefore aquatic systems contain a wide range of pollutants from sewage effluents factory wastage agrochemicals pesticides heavy metal etc. Cadmium is considered heavy metal pollutants. Cadmium is a non essential heavy metal. Cadmium act as an endocrine disrupter interfering with biological functions in fish and cause and severe histopathological, biological and physiological changes in various fish species. The present reviews summaries the impact of Cd on gonad (Ovary) with special reference to histological changes and alteration in gonadal hormones.
References
Ahson, S.N. and Ahson, j. (1974): degenerative changes in the testis of Clarius batracus caused by cacl2. Indian.j.Zool.15 (1): 34-43.
Baruah, B.K., and Das, M. (2002): Histopathological changes in ovary of fish Heteropneustes fossilis exposed to paper mill effluent. Aquaculture (3): 29-32.
Bhattacharya, Tapati, Arun, K. Ray and Bhattacharya S. (1985): Response of Channa panctatus under short term and exposure of industrial pollutants in indirection of histopathology in the kidney. Z. Mikrosk. Anat. Forsch (Leip 2)899(z): 327-334.
Blanco, M. C. and P. Cala, (1974): Contribucinal conocimiento de la sardina Astyanax bimaculatus (L.) 1758 (Characidae: Pisces). del cario Pachiaquiarito, Meta,Colombia. EcologfaTropical 1(2): 1-44.
Das, R.C., (1988): Cadmium toxicity to gonads in freshwater fish, Labeo bata (Hamilton). Arch. Hydrobiol,( 112): 467-474.
Deshmukh, S.V., and Kulkarni, K.M (2005): Effect of cadmium chloride on gonads of the fish Channa orientalis (Sch.) Indian Journal Environment and Ecoplanning,( 10): 239-245.
Dutta, H. M., and Dalal, R., (2008) The Effect of Endosulfan on the Ovary of Bluegill Sunfish: A Histopathological Study (Lepomis macrochirus sp). Int. J. Environ. Res., 2(3): 215-224.
Ellis, R.J., M.R. van den Heuvel, T.R. Stuthridge, L.H. Mc Carthy, N. Ling, I.D. Hogg and D. Dietrich,(2001): Androgenic responses in two fish species following exposure to a New Zealand pulp and paper mill wastewaters. In Toxicol. Sci. USA: 771-771.
Francis, R.C.,(1992): Sexual lability in teleosts: developmental factors. Q. Rev. Biol.,( 67): 1-18.
Georgescu, C., Georgescu, B., Duncea, I., Xenoestrogenii, (2006): implicatii clinice si metode de evaluare calitativa si cantitativa, Clujul Medical, vol. LXXIX,( 1): 7-12
Godowicz, Barbara and Dorota Kukal, (1988): Histopathological effect of cd on the testis of mice from the K.E. inbred stain folia. Biol.(CRACOW)36: 159-166.
Hayat.S., .Javed, M., Razzao, S., (2007): Growth performence of metal stressed. Pakistan Veterinary. Journal, V.27(1): 8-12
Joy, K.P., B. Senthilkumaran and C.C. Sudhakumari, (1998): Periovulatory changes in hypothalamic and pituitary monoamines following GnRH analogue treatment in the catfish Heteropneustes fossilis: a study correlating changes in plasma hormone profiles. J. Endocrinol.,( 156): 365-372.
Jayashree,R. and Shrinivaschar, H.R., (1979): Hormonal control of testicular cholesterol levels in the cat fish, Clarius batracus (Linn.)- Siluroidea. Proc. Indian. Natr. Sci. Acad. B45 no. (5): 526-533.
Kime, D.E., (1999): A strategy for assessing the effects of xenobiotics on fish reproduction. The Science of the Total Environment. ( 225): 11-14
Kirubagaran, R. and K.P. Joy., (1988): Toxic of mercuric chloride, methylmercuric chloride and emisan on ovarian recrudescence in the cat fish Clarias batrachus (L). Bull Environ Contam Toxico. (l 41): 902-909.
Kling, D. (1981): Total atresia of the ovaries of Tilapia leucostica after intoxication with the insecticed lebaycid. Esperentia.,( 37): 73-74.
Kumar, S., and Pant, S.C. (1984): Comparative effects of the sub lethal poisioning of zinc, copper and lead on the gonads of the teleost Puntius conchonius ham. Toxicolology Letters,( 23): 189-194.
Masud, S., Singh, I.J., amd Ram, R.N. (2003): First maturity and related changes in female Cyprinus carpio in response to long term exposure to a mercurial compound.Journal of Ecophysiology and Occupatinal Health: 3-14.
Masud, S., Singh. L.J. and Ram, R.N.(2009): Histological responses in ovary and liver of Cyprinus carpio after short term exposure to safe concentration of mercuric chloride and recovery pattern. Journal of Enviornmental Biology Vol.30(3): 399-403.
Milnes, M.R., D.S., Bermudez, T.A. Bryan, T.M. Edwards, M.P. Gunderson, I.L.V. Larkin, B.C. Moore and J.L. Guillette, (2006): Contaminant-induced feminization and demasculinization of nonmammalian vertebrate males in aquatic environments. Environmental Research :( 100): 3-17.
Moore J.W, Ramamoorthy S., (1984): Heavy Metals in Natural Water: Applied Monitoring and Impact Assessment. New York: Springer-Verlag.
Nesatyy, V.J., B.V. Rutishauser, R.I. Eggen and M.J. Suter, (2005): Identification of the estrogen receptor Cd-binding sites by chemical modification. Analyst. (130): 1087-1097.
Pereira, J.J., R. Mercaldo-Allen, C. Kuropat, D. Luedke and G. Sennefelder, (1993): Effect of cadmium accumulation on serum vitellogenin levels and hepatosomatic and gonadosomatic indices of winter flounder (Pleuronectes americanus). Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol.,( 24): 427-431.
Pratap, H.B., Wendelaar Bonga, S.E., (1990): Effects of waterborne cadmium on plasma cortisol and glucose in the cichlid fish, Oreochromis mossambicus. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part C: Comparative Pharmacology,( 95): 313–317.
Ram, R.N. and A.G. Sathyanesan, (1984): Mercuric chloride induced changes in the protein, lipid and cholesterol levels of the liver and ovary of the fish Channa punctatus. Environ. Ecol.,( 2): 113-117 .
Safe, S., (2003): Cadmium’s disguise dupes the estrogen receptor. Nat. Med., 9: 1000-1001.
Saxena, G. and Kothari, S., (1993): Cadmium toxicity in intestinal bulb of a teleost Pantius sophore(Ham.) in: Recent advantage in fresh water Biology annual publication: 285-298.
Sehgal, R. and Pandey, A.K., (1984): Effect of cadmium chloride on testicular activities in guppy, Lebistes reticulates, Comp. Physol. Ecol.9(3): 159-244.
Sharma, S. Manohar, Sushan, Quereshi, T.A. Kaur, P. and Dar, B.A., (2011): Histlogical studies on the cadmium chloride exposed Air-breathing fish, H. fossilis with special reference to ovaries. International Journal of environmental science. Volume (2): 411-416.
Stohs, S.J. Bagchi, D., (1995): Oxidative mechanisms in the toxicity of metals ions. Free Radical Biology and Med¬icine (2): 321–336.
Sundarraj, B .I., (1959): A study on the corellation between the structure of the pitutary gland of the Indian cat fish, Heteropneustes and the seasonal changes in the ovary; Acta Anat.( 37): 47-80.
Tilton, S.C. Foran, C.M. Benson, H.W., (2003): Effect of cadmium on the reproductive accus of Japanese medaka. (Oryziaslatipus) comp.Biocem.physol.c.toxicol.farmacol.136 (3): 265-276.

Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors contributing to this journal agree to publish their articles under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, allowing third parties to share their work (copy, distribute, transmit) and to adapt it, under the condition that the authors are given credit and that in the event of reuse or distribution, the terms of this license are made clear.